Beiser (1987) noted, 'The rise of Spinozism in the late eighteenth century is a phenomenon of no less significance than the emergence of Kantianism itself.

The birth of two influential rationalistic philosophical systems of Descartes (who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic in the period 1628–1649 and despite frequent moves, he wrote all his major work during his 20-plus years in the United Provinces) and Spinoza – namely Cartesianism and Spinozism - are among the most remarkable philosophical breakthroughs of Dutch Golden Age and early modern Western thought. His thought was especially a vital force in the development of German philosophy (from the age of Leibniz– Wolff to Lessing– Mendelssohn– Jacobi– Herder to Fichte– Schleiermacher– Hegel– Schelling to Feuerbach– Hess– Marx– Engels to Nietzsche to Haeckel, his philosophy was especially both an immense source of inspiration and challenge for almost every major German thinker, including both the idealists and materialists ) and culture in general (his significant influence on German literary luminaries from the age of Lessing to Goethe– Hölderlin– Novalis– Schlegel– Heine, particularly the Romantics, as well as on many German-speaking Jewish cultural figures ) in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

In Steven Nadler's words, 'Of all the philosophers of the seventeenth century, perhaps none have more relevance today than Spinoza.' ( Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2001–2016). Also, it was the 17th-century arch- rationalists like Spinoza (along with Descartes and Leibniz) who have given the ' Age of Reason' its name and place in history. A highly original and systematic thinker, he exerted a profound influence on philosophy in the Age of Reason, despite his status as an outcast and his early death at the age of 44. Along with Hugo Grotius, Jan Amos Comenius, René Descartes and Pierre Bayle, Spinoza was one of the leading intellectual figures of the Dutch Golden Age and the early Age of Enlightenment in the Dutch Republic.

His life and philosophy have long attracted the attention of multidisciplinary scholarship. Spinoza and the Rabbis (painting by Samuel Hirszenberg, 1907)īaruch de Spinoza or Benedictus de Spinoza (1632–1677) - is a highly controversial, influential and significant figure in the history of Western and Jewish thought - has been the subject of a vast amount of literature, including both philosophical and literary works in genres as diverse as fiction and nonfiction.

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